Main professional training is often supplemented by individual specialist courses. Volunteer crews pursue civilian occupations and the training must be completed during the off-peak times or in other free periods. Another criterion on fire department training classes covers various certifications and quality management. This is necessary to allow individual members the same functions based on equal education. In times of limited financial resources, it is also necessary to organize the training as effectively as possible.
Choking is performed using foam and emulsifier in water. For tankers carrying dangerous goods (TDG), the identification of substances being transported is done by checking details indicated on orange plates attached to the front and rear of such vehicles.
With a closed volume or semi-open fire, one can easily calculate the volume of water needed. Indeed, if the volume is sealed, air cannot enter. Air contains oxidizers needed for combustion, the O2 oxygen (pure air contains 21% O2). Whatever the amount of fuel (wood, paper, fabrics) available, combustion will stop when content of oxygen is insufficient, that is, say less than 15%.
Innovative initiatives involving youths attempt to inspire young people to develop an interest in joining. Fire departments acquire a variety of technical equipment in order to fulfill the tasks entrusted to them. This includes fire engines and personal equipment for each firefighter, these are housed in a fire station.
All studies of local fires show that all these techniques are only usable for small volume, up to 100 or 200 m3. Beyond (warehouse, barn), the parameters change, the attack in pulsed jet (which is the assumption underlying the calculation) does not allow extinction. For example, a warehouse of 1,000 m2 and 10m high is 10,000 m3. The calculation would provide L of water about 6000 but this calculation is not reliable.
However, their main mission remains provision of rescue serves, which in some cases entails use of first aid. The officers must maintain or restore breathing, circulatory or cardiac activity and/or freeing of a predicament through technical rescue operations. Fire extinguishing is the oldest task these departments handle. In the so-called defensive fire protection operations, diverse fires are fought with the help of special equipment.
In the case of diffusion of a flame, the limiting factor is the supply of oxygen (assuming that fuel is abundant). The flame itself provides heat and hence choking steam is the most important. Conversely, with smoke, the fuel and oxidizer are already mixed and steam does not hunt the oxidant but simply dilute the mixture. Temperature is a critical factor when it comes to the spread of premixed flames, cooling makes it possible to significantly reduce the fire's magnitude, thus a cooling and dilution combination is necessary.
The first concern when dealing with an enclosed or semi-open volume is to bring down the temperature. It is vital to absorb all the heat produced by the fire (in fact, it is enough to absorb an amount sufficient to extinction, but not all). In fact, heat is transmitted to the fumes, walls, ceiling and floor, and part of the heat is lost with the flue gas or the outlets, walls or through the insulation.
Choking is performed using foam and emulsifier in water. For tankers carrying dangerous goods (TDG), the identification of substances being transported is done by checking details indicated on orange plates attached to the front and rear of such vehicles.
With a closed volume or semi-open fire, one can easily calculate the volume of water needed. Indeed, if the volume is sealed, air cannot enter. Air contains oxidizers needed for combustion, the O2 oxygen (pure air contains 21% O2). Whatever the amount of fuel (wood, paper, fabrics) available, combustion will stop when content of oxygen is insufficient, that is, say less than 15%.
Innovative initiatives involving youths attempt to inspire young people to develop an interest in joining. Fire departments acquire a variety of technical equipment in order to fulfill the tasks entrusted to them. This includes fire engines and personal equipment for each firefighter, these are housed in a fire station.
All studies of local fires show that all these techniques are only usable for small volume, up to 100 or 200 m3. Beyond (warehouse, barn), the parameters change, the attack in pulsed jet (which is the assumption underlying the calculation) does not allow extinction. For example, a warehouse of 1,000 m2 and 10m high is 10,000 m3. The calculation would provide L of water about 6000 but this calculation is not reliable.
However, their main mission remains provision of rescue serves, which in some cases entails use of first aid. The officers must maintain or restore breathing, circulatory or cardiac activity and/or freeing of a predicament through technical rescue operations. Fire extinguishing is the oldest task these departments handle. In the so-called defensive fire protection operations, diverse fires are fought with the help of special equipment.
In the case of diffusion of a flame, the limiting factor is the supply of oxygen (assuming that fuel is abundant). The flame itself provides heat and hence choking steam is the most important. Conversely, with smoke, the fuel and oxidizer are already mixed and steam does not hunt the oxidant but simply dilute the mixture. Temperature is a critical factor when it comes to the spread of premixed flames, cooling makes it possible to significantly reduce the fire's magnitude, thus a cooling and dilution combination is necessary.
The first concern when dealing with an enclosed or semi-open volume is to bring down the temperature. It is vital to absorb all the heat produced by the fire (in fact, it is enough to absorb an amount sufficient to extinction, but not all). In fact, heat is transmitted to the fumes, walls, ceiling and floor, and part of the heat is lost with the flue gas or the outlets, walls or through the insulation.
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